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Adult Education
Initiatives in India
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The programme of
adult literacy did not rake much headway. The
literacy rate in India, therefore, increased only
from 18.37 per cent in 1951 to 24.02 per cent in
1961.
N A T I O N A L
L I T E R A C Y M I S S I O N
( N L M )
The
National Literacy Mission came into being on 5th
May, 1988 to impart seriousness to adult education.
Literacy in India has made remarkable strides since
Independence and according to the provisional
results of the Census 2001. The literacy rate of
India has increased from 18.33% in 1951 to 65.38% in
2001. Subsequently National Literacy Mission
received international recognition when it was
awarded the UNESCO's NOMA Literacy Prize for 1999.
NLM
OBJECTIVES: Seeks
to impart functional literacy to all non-literate
persons in 15-35 age group.
In qualitative terms, functional literacy implies:
- Self-reliance in 3
R's
- Participation in
the development process.
- Skill improvement
to improve economic status and general well
being.
- Imbibing values of
national integration, conservation of
environment, women's equality and observance of
small family norms etc.
The NLM seeks to
achieve these objectives through the following:
World Literacy at a
Glance:
(in
million)
|
Total
|
Male
|
Female
|
Population
*(2000) |
6091.3
|
3068.9
|
3022.4
|
Literacy
Rate**(15+) |
876.0
|
313.0
|
563.0
|
Non
Literates**(15+) (%) |
79.4
|
85.3
|
73.6
|
Source: |
*
Labour Statistics, ILO - 2000 |
|
**
Unesco 1999 Statistical Year Book
(Estimated literacy rates
for the year 2000) |
LITERACY
STATUS IN SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES
South
Asian Countries
Country
|
Total
Non-Literate
Population 15+age
(in million)
|
Literacy
Rate 15+ (%)(2000)
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
Maldives |
-- |
96.3 |
96.3 |
96.4 |
Sri
Lanka |
-- |
1.17 |
91.6 |
94.5 |
India* |
NA |
58.5 |
72.3 |
44.4 |
Bhutan |
0.64 |
47.3 |
61.1 |
33.6 |
Pakistan |
51.67 |
43.3 |
57.6 |
27.8 |
Nepal |
8.27 |
41.4 |
59.1 |
23.8 |
Bangladesh |
49.62 |
40.08 |
51.7 |
29.5 |
Other
Asian Countries
Country |
Total
Non-literate
Population 15+ age
(in millions) |
Literacy
Rate 15+ (%)
(2000)
|
Total |
Male |
Female |
South
Korea |
0.84
|
97.8 |
99.2 |
96.4 |
Thailand |
2.04
|
95.6 |
97.2 |
94.0 |
Philippines |
2.25
|
95.4 |
95.5 |
95.2 |
Vietnam |
3.61
|
93.3 |
95.7 |
91.0 |
Malaysia |
1.83
|
87.5 |
91.5 |
83.6 |
Indonesia |
19.24
|
87.0 |
91.9 |
82.1 |
China |
144.46
|
85.0 |
92.3 |
77.4 |
Myanmar |
4.98
|
84.7 |
89.0 |
80.6 |
Iran |
10.00
|
76.9 |
83.7 |
70.0 |
Laos |
1.15
|
61.8 |
73.6 |
50.5 |
Afghanistan |
8.14
|
36.3 |
51.0 |
20.8 |
Source:
UNESCO 1999 Statistical Year Book
(Estimates literacy rates for the year
2000)
|
LITERACY
STATUS IN NINE MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES
Country
|
Total
Non-literate
Population 15+ age
|
Literacy
Rate 15+ (%)
|
Total
|
Male
|
Female
|
Mexico |
5.96
|
91.0
|
93.1
|
89.1
|
Indonesia
|
19.24
|
87.0
|
91.9
|
82.1
|
Brazil
|
17.91
|
85.3
|
85.1
|
85.4
|
China
|
144.96
|
85.0
|
92.3
|
77.4
|
Nigeria
|
22.80
|
64.1
|
72.3
|
56.2
|
India*
|
NA
|
58.5
|
72.3
|
44.4
|
Egypt
|
19.83
|
55.3
|
66.6
|
43.7
|
Pakistan |
51.67 |
43.3 |
57.6
|
27.8
|
Bangladesh
|
49.62
|
40.8
|
51.7
|
9.5
|
*
Figures for India are estimated literacy
rates on the basis of National Family
Health Survey 1998-99 published in
November, 2000
Source:
Unesco 1999 Statistical year Book
(Estimated literacy rates for the year
2000)
|
Literacy
Scenario as per 2001 Census
The Literacy
rate in the country had increased from 18.33% in
1951 to 65.38% in 2001.Thus in five decades, the
literacy percentage had grown by 47.05% or by an
average of 9.41% per decade. According to the 2001
Census, male literacy was 75.85% and female literacy
54.16%.
Literacy
rate as per State/UTs
On
the basis of literacy rate, State/UTs can be grouped
as under:
-
High
Literacy Rate (80% and above) – Kerala
(90.92%), Mizoram (88.49%), Lakshadweep
(87.52%), Goa (82.32%), Delhi (81.82%),
Chandigarh (81.76%), Pondicherry (81.49%), A
& N Islands (81.18%) and Daman & Diu
(81.09%).
-
Literacy
Rate above national average (65.4%)_ and below
80% - Maharashtra (77.27%), Himachal Pradesh
(77.13%), Tripura (73.66%), Tamil Nadu (73.47),
Uttaranchal (72.28%), Gujarat (69.97%), Punjab
(69.75%), Sikkim (69.68%), West Bengal (69.22%),
Manipur (68.87%), Haryana (68.59%), Nagaland
(67.11%) and Karnataka (67.04%).
-
Literacy
Rate below national average (65.4%) –
Chhattisgarh(65.18%), Assam (64.28%), Madhya
Pradesh (64.11%), Orissa (63.61%), Meghalaya
(63.31%), Andhra Pradesh (61.11%), Rajasthan
(61.03%), Dadra & Nagar Haveli (60.03%),
Uttar Pradesh (57.36%), Arunachal Pradesh
(54.74%), Jammu & Kashmir (54.46%),
Jharkhand (54.13%) and Bihar (47.53%).
Rural-Urban
Gap (Literates) - Census 2001
|
|
(In
million)
|
|
Persons
|
Male
|
Female
|
All
Areas
|
566.71
(65.20%)
|
339.91
(75.64%)
|
226.79
(54.03%)
|
Rural
Areas
|
366.67
(59.21%)
|
226.27
(71.18%)
|
140.39
(46.58%)
|
Urban
Areas
|
200.03
(80.06%)
|
113.63
(86.42%)
|
86.39
(72.99%)
|
|
Revised
Parameters of the NGO's and State Resource Centres
ITEMS |
EARLIER
PARAMETERS |
PRESENT
PARAMETERS |
Name |
Scheme
of Assistance to VAs |
NGOs
in the feild of education |
Classification |
Three
categories(A,B & C) |
Two
categories(A&B) |
Financial
pattern Annual maintenance |
Category
A-Rs.30 lakh per annum
Category B-Rs.25 lakh per annum
Category C-Rs.10 lakh per annum |
Category
A-Rs.60 lakh per annum
Category B-Rs.40 lakh per annum |
One-time
grant |
Not
existing |
Category
A-Rs.50 lakh
Category B-Rs.40 lakh |
Opening
of State Resource Centers |
As
and when required |
1999-2000
3
2000-2001 3
2001-2002 4 |
Sanctioning
of VA Projects |
Proposel
considered by central grant-in-aid
committee |
Proposals
of regional/local NGOs to be considered by
respective SLMAs. |
Source: http://www.education.nic.in
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